Investigating Patterns Of Mortality Among Women...

Problem Formulation: This study aims to investigate patterns of mortality among women experiencing violence. The researcher’s identified the issue of exposure to violence as â€Å"a serious social problem† which has different effects on men and women. The article elaborated on these differences in which women are more often the victims of intimate partner violence whereas men tend to be subjected to violence by unknown perpetrators. Furthermore, the article emphasized that reporting as victims of violence varies significantly within the population, essentially due to the different meanings of â€Å"victim of violence† in other studies. The researcher’s provided thorough information on the effects of violence against women, these ranging from the harms faced to their autonomy as well as their reliability. In other cases may face troubles in relationships with family and friends, experience economic social strains, and face serious health problems. The imp ortance of this study is openly expressed by the article. The researcher’s draws attention by stating that the number of contacts with the health care services is much greater for women who are victims of domestic violence in comparison to those of physical disorders. The researcher’s also indicated that other factors such as age may contribute to the prevalence of violence and to the exposure to violence. The specific research question(s) asked: Do women victims of severe violence have an increased risk of premature death (a) inShow MoreRelatedCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesthe ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violence. Don’t age very well. Where do they seek health care services? 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This project would deal with as to what is alcoholism and drug addiction, their causes , crime and criminal behaiviour among students in college etc in the following chapters. Alcoholism What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a broad term for problems with alcohol, and is generally used to mean compulsive and uncontrolled consumption of alcoholic beverages, usually to the detrimentRead MoreMarriage Guidance: Summary Notes19959 Words   |  80 PagesSocialisation exaggerates gender differences even further → Conflict situations – woman self-soothe and males become more aroused and aggressive (testosterone) → When in a negative relationship, men withdraw and women become more demanding and complaining. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOverview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical DilemmaRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesAssociation. In his spare time, he enjoys reading, cooking and eating good food, tennis, and travel to faraway places. 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Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission Free Essays

This paper entitled â€Å"Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission† intends to compare and contrast nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. It aims to provide the definition of nuclear fusion and immediately describe nuclear fission as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also plans to briefly discuss how it occurs and what is necessitated for the nuclear fusion and nuclear fission to occur. Finally, it aspires to mention the advantages that nuclear fusion and nuclear fission may bring in later. Definition Nuclear fusion is technically defined as â€Å"the occurrence where two atomic nuclei amalgamate† (Wikipedia n.p.). Such joining occurs in all the stars, of course, including the Sun (Wikipedia n.p.). If it does not happen then we will not experience warmth and we will forever be in the dark (Wikipedia n.p.). On the other hand, nuclear fission is technically defined as â€Å"the course of action of breaking up atoms† (Wikipedia n.p.). If such an action is quite difficult to understand, try to imagine countless balls on the floor, cluttered, however, appearing to form a circle, if an individual throws in another ball, surely, the aforementioned circle will become more disorderly and will soar in all directions (Wikipedia n.p.). The circle is actually a representation of the nucleus and the ball thrown by the individual is considered as the â€Å"neutron bullet† (Wikipedia n.p.). Requirement for its Occurrence Furthermore, for a nuclear fusion to take place, exceptionally high energies are considered necessary to combine the nuclei collectively (Wikipedia n.p.). This is very much necessitated to prevail over the coulomb barrier involving two nuclei which are positively charged (Wikipedia n.p.). This will enable extreme closeness that will produce a physically powerful nuclear force that will connect or fasten or join the nuclei (Wikipedia n.p.). In stars, nuclear fusion happens without difficulty because there is the existence of elevated density and high temperature (Wikipedia n.p.). In fact, it has a range or approximately 10-15 meters (Wikipedia n.p.). On the other hand, for a nuclear fission to take place, we will need a neutron to trigger the aforementioned (Wikipedia n.p.). It is very important that a ball or a neutron bullet and not another kind be thrown at the circle or the atomic nucleus (Wikipedia n.p.). This is simply because if otherwise, the ball would not reach the target at all since the nucleus is positively charged just like the ball (Wikipedia n.p.). What will happen then is that they nucleus and the ball will repel each other (Wikipedia n.p.). That’s why, again, only a neutron will not get repelled and so it contributes largely to the possibility of a nuclear fission to take place (Wikipedia n.p.). Advantages Moreover, in terms of advantages, in nuclear fusion, the amount of fusion that can occur is actually unlimited (Wikipedia n.p.). In addition to that, source of fuel is immeasurable and inexhaustible because of the Deuterium that comes from the seas (Wikipedia n.p.). Furthermore, in nuclear fusion, we don’t have to worry too much about reactor accidents that may take place because of the fact that a very small amount of fuel is involved in it (Wikipedia n.p.). Also, it produces inexpensive fuel (Wikipedia n.p.). It also produces electricity safely (Wikipedia n.p.). The reactor materials involved, as well as, the unburned fuel may possibly be recycled as well (Wikipedia n.p.). Yet another very essential advantage is the absence of greenhouse effect (Wikipedia n.p.). Last but not least, in nuclear fusion, the waste products coming from it are much less radioactive, thus easier to manage (Wikipedia n.p.). On the other hand, in nuclear fission, the amount of fission that may occur is limited (Wikipedia n.p.). In addition to that, in nuclear fission, the waste products are much more radioactive, thus more difficult to take care of (Wikipedia n.p.). References Wikipedia. Nuclear Fusion. 21 April 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 April 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion                         How to cite Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission, Essay examples

Supermarket Management Industrial Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Supermarket Managementfor Industrial Engineering. Answer: The Supermarket named the OZ supermarket was recently opened (Pinchin et al. 2014). A variety of products are available in the supermarket ranging from the family and stationary products to the items that are non-perishable. In addition to offering the variety of the products the supermarket officials are also looking to implement an unique and innovative billing system for the benefit of the customers. They have realized that it is very irritating and also very time consuming for the customers to wait in the long queues for the billing of the products. In addition to this process becomes very complex and irritating for the supermarket staffs as well. Hence, the implementation of this system would benefit the staffs and as well as satisfy the customers also. Hence this would encourage the customers to visit the supermarket more and increase their sales and enhance their reputation as well. The supermarket authorities have decided to abolish the system of cash payment methods. They opted for the cashless procedures instead. They wanted the new billing system to be automatic. Hence, it would not require any manual procedures. For the implementation, these features into their billing system the supermarket authorities are looking to use the espouse Pay Wave Technology. This system would be changing the concept of the basic billing systems in the markets. The process would allow the users or the buyers to just walk into the supermarket make the purchase and simply walk out of the store without having to worry about standing in the long queues for much longer. The system would implement a number of procedures (Peng et al. 2014). In this purchase is made simply by putting the product into the trolley and simply exiting the supermarket complex. The rest of the processes are performed automatically. The trolleys are equipped with the RDIF or the Radio Frequency Identification System. In this system the tagging and the labeling methods of the products are performed. For labeling the items or the products a chip is used. The chip is installed into the products and they would contain the details about the product in them. The information such as the product id, the product name and the status of the current product is stored in the chip. The products can also be tracked with the help of these chips. Some additional chips are installed into the trolley also. These chips can detect the product once it is placed into the trolley. When an item is placed into the trolley chip in the trolley detects the chip that is installed in the items (Green et al. 2016). After this process the cost of the product is detected and added to the bill of the customer. In this way the chips keeps on adding the costs to the bill of the customer. In addition to this the total bill of the customer is calculated once the person leaves the complete with the products and the totaled bill is deducted from the balance of the customer and the balance on the customer account is updated accordingly. The balance and the account details of the customers are maintained with the PayWave Card. In addition to the chips are also designed very efficiently. If customer feels like returning the product or changes the mind, they can simply place the product back to the place from where they took it and the bill on their card would get reduced. In addition to all these the system also has an efficient monitoring procedure in it. The system would prohibit the customers from the act of stealing products or leaving the supermarket complex without proper payment for the product that they have procured from the market. For implementing this, the chips have an alert system installed in them. This would detect the current balance of the customer and check if the customer has an appropriate balance or not. The alarm goes if the bill of the customer exceeds the current balance in the account of the customer. This kind of situations can also arise unintentionally, when the customer is not aware of the balance in his account and make the purchase without proper knowledge. In this kind of situation the customer can go the customer care desk and refill their account instantly. There is also a provision for temporary cards for those who do not possess a Pay Wave card. In addition to this, the parking policies that are implemented by the supermarket are also very efficient. According to the policy of the company the parking charges are higher during the peak seasons and are lowered during the lean seasons. In addition to this the supermarket also has some compensation policies for the senior citizens and the handicapped. Recommendations Although the existing procedures of the supermarket are very efficient yet some recommendations are provided to improve the overall outlook of the supermarket structures. Implementation of the cash system besides the cashless system: In addition to the adopted method of the cashless billing system, the organization should also have a provision for the cash billing system (Oyewole et al., 2013). This would enable the customers to opt for the system in case of urgency. This would also allow the current staffs of the supermarket to preserve their position in the organization. Staff Satisfaction: If the systems are implemented the organization would have no further use of the present staffs in the financial departments (Edwards et al., 2014). Hence, they should be allocated to some different sectors of the supermarket. This would increase the efficiency of the super,market and also keep the staffs satisfied with the organization. Monitoring: There should be proper monitoring process in place for looking over the components that are used in the system (Mascia et al., 2014). It is to be seen that the components are not stolen or tampered with. In addition to this it is also to be seen that the components are functioning properly or not. This be helping in tracking the product of the supermarket and maintaining the efficiency of the system. The supermarket authorities have a perfect plan in place for the implementation of the cashless system. This system would increase the ease of accessibility with which the customers can buy products in the supermarket. This would increase the amount of satisfaction of the customers. This is very effective for the business as the level of customer satisfaction is very essential for any type of businesses. In addition to the efficiency of the company the reputation of the company is also enhanced with the increased amount of customer satisfactions. Therefore the authorities of the supermarket should make this an important issue for themselves. Hence the authorities of the supermarket wanted to implement the cashless method for the billing system of the supermarket. As a result of the implementation of the system the customer ease of access is increased and they are satisfied with the system in return. In addition to the customer satisfaction the authorities of the supermarket can also implement a feedback system that would help the system to obtain the information about the processes from the customers point of view. With this system the customers would be able to provide the authorities with the issues that they are facing or also the suggestions for the improvement of the system. The authorities can act on the feedbacks and provide efficient solutions for the situations. This would increase the overall efficiency for the organization and also enhance the relationship in between the organization and the customers. For the implementation of these procedures the supermarket can implement the following procedures. Product and Service Rating System. The supermarket can obtain feedbacks from the customers about the products that they sell to the customers or also the products that they offer to the customers and also for the services that they provide to the customers. The organization should try and implement a system in which the customer would be able to provide feedback and ratings for the product and services of the supermarket. The customers would be able to service ratings as soon as they leave the complex of the supermarket. In addition to this there should also be a online system where the customers would be able to provide the ratings of the product that they have purchased. In addition to this the customers should also have a say over the prices of the products. The authorities at the super market should record these ratings and work on improving them. They should keep in mind the average rating of a particular product while performing the audit of the products. In addition to this the rating system would also provide the supermarket indications about the popularity and the demand of the particular products. In addition to this it would also provide the indications about the areas that the supermarket is lacking in. hence this would increase the service and the product efficiency of the supermarket. Online Portal for the Customer Feedback. The supermarket authorities should try and implement an online portal for the customers so that they can provide the proper feedback and the feedbacks or the comments of the customers can be recorded in the portal. In addition to all these the portal should be online and active 24/7 so that the customers can provide their feedback and grievances at any time that they want. This would provide an efficient option for the customers to communicate with the system very easily. In addition to this the customers idea about the organization can also be noted easily by the authorities and would help them in acting immediately in resolving the situation. This would establish a very healthy relation in between the customer and the supermarket. In addition to this the customer satisfaction level would also be enhanced very efficiently. Implementation of Website for the Company and Provision of Customer Services in it. In addition to the rating system and the feedback system the company should also try and implement a website for their market. This would provide a number of options for the customers and also the company officials. The website would provide the customers with the information about the supermarket in details. In addition to this they would also provide information about the products that are offered by the supermarket. In addition to this the information about the operational activities of the supermarket and the list of holidays and the policies that are involved with it can also be obtained by the customers from the website. The website would also provide an efficient platform for the supermarket to provide advertisement of the new products that are going to be launched by the supermarket and also provide the information about the seasonal sales. The website would also help the customer to create an account where they would be able to view the information about themselves and updat e them. The account would be linked with the Pay Wave card of the customers and would update their bills and balances automatically on regular basis. In addition to this the website would also contain a customer service option where the customers would be able to contact the customer care center of the supermarket where they would be able to lodge any kind of complains or clear their doubts from the customer care executives. As a result of all this facilities the overall reputation of the supermarket would be efficiently enhanced. Customer Support System within the Supermarket In addition to the website the organization should also have a section in the website where there would be customer care center. They should be active 24/7 and process any kind of request made by the customer with an immediate effect. This would make the customers satisfied with the services and also increase the reputation of the supermarket. Hence, as a result this would increase the overall efficiency of the system that is implemented by the supermarket. References Battini, D., Persona, A., Sgarbossa, F. (2014). Innovative real-time system to integrate ergonomic evaluations into warehouse design and management. Computers Industrial Engineering, 77, 1-10. Cawley, J., Sweeney, M. J., Sobal, J., Just, D. R., Kaiser, H. M., Schulze, W. D., ... Wansink, B. (2015). The impact of a supermarket nutrition rating system on purchases of nutritious and less nutritious foods. Public health nutrition, 18(01), 8-14. Chang, Y., Chen, Y., Lu, L., Jia, M. (2015). Design of Electric Power Dispatching Management System based on Data Mining. Edwards, N. E., Beck, A. M., Lim, E. (2014). Influence of aquariums on resident behavior and staff satisfaction in dementia units. Western journal of nursing research, 36(10), 1309-1322. Faccio, M., Gamberi, M., Persona, A., Regattieri, A., Sgarbossa, F. (2013). Design and simulation of assembly line feeding systems in the automotive sector using supermarket, kanbans and tow trains: a general framework. Journal of Management Control, 24(2), 187-208. Fu, B., Li, B., Yuan, R. (2016, January). Introduction to the RFID Technology in the Application of the Smart Supermarket. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 40). EDP Sciences. Green Jr, K. W., Zelbst, P. J., Sower, V. E., Bellah, J. C. (2016). Impact of Radio Frequency Identification Technology on Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 1-9. Grunert, K. G., Loebnitz, N., Zhou, Y. (2015, March). Supermarket literacy and use of branding in China: The case of fresh meat. In 143rd Joint EAAE/AAEA Seminar, March 25-27, 2015, Naples, Italy (No. 202703). European Association of Agricultural Economists. Kortemeyer, G., Drschler, S., Pritchard, D. E. (2014). Harvesting latent and usage-based metadata in a course management system to enrich the underlying educational digital library. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 14(1-2), 1-15. Mascia, M. B., Pailler, S., Thieme, M. L., Rowe, A., Bottrill, M. C., Danielsen, F., ... Burgess, N. D. (2014). Commonalities and complementarities among approaches to conservation monitoring and evaluation. Biological Conservation, 169, 258-267. Oyewole, O. S., El-Maude, J. G., Abba, M., Onuh, M. E. (2013). Electronic payment system and economic growth: a review of transition to cashless economy in Nigeria. Int J Sci Eng Technol, 2, 913-918. Pedersen, R., Schwensen, J., Biegel, B., Stoustrup, J., Green, T. (2014). Aggregation and control of supermarket refrigeration systems in a smart grid. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 47(3), 9942-9949. Peng, M., Peng, Y., Chen, H. (2014). Post-seismic supply chain risk management: A system dynamics disruption analysis approach for inventory and logistics planning. Computers Operations Research, 42, 14-24. Pinchin, J., Brown, M., Blum, J., Shaw, D., Blakey, J. (2014, May). Integrating wifi based positioning with a job management system to study task management behaviour. In Position, Location and Navigation Symposium-PLANS 2014, 2014 IEEE/ION (pp. 193-200). IEEE. Wen, X., Yang, Z., Wang, Z., Zhao, M. (2014). Exploration on Cultivating Students Abilities Based on Python Teaching Practice. In 2nd International Conference on Teaching and Computational Science Press.

There Are As Many M.Os As There Are Serial Killers, Although They Sha

There are as many M.O's as there are serial killers, although they share some similarities their crimes also are as unique and bizarre as they are chilling and unbelievable. Not surprisingly there also appears to be as many theories and debates as to the cause of this destructive and heinous behavior. As with many mental illnesses there is a debate between the genetic and or biological aspects and the sociological contributors being the cause of this disturbing phenomenon. The biogenic / sociogenic debate brings up the issue of which is the cause and which is the effect , or which came first ? Were bad genes the cause of a chemical disturbance which in turn caused the behavior problems or was it the other way around? Is the reason that almost all serial killers have bedwetting problems sometimes reaching into their teens caused by sociological factors, disturbing circumstances that they have been subjected to, or is it caused by some sort of imbalance ? This chicken and egg dilemna h as been argued by the psychology faction and the sociology faction. Recently there has been more of a middle ground taken. Each side has begun to admit that there is most likely a blend of circumstances that come together, chemical and or genetic defects added to a unique set of sociological factors which in turn give birth to that set of personality traits and disorders that collectively create the societal monster known as the serial killer. "Causal factors for an antisocial personality include a possible biological disposition, childhood trauma (shown by the vast majority or serial killers), possible neurological factors in the control of impulsivity regarding seratonin levels in the brain , and heredity"(Giannangelo,p 8). Although the biological factors seem to vary widely from head trauma to epilepsy, to abnormal EEG's and or a combination of these traits and others, there is a definite pattern of sociological factors that most all of the serial killers are subjected to during their formative years. These killers childhoods all have a form of abuse as a key element be it emotional, physical, sexual, and or a combination of the three. The more one reads into the history of the childhoods of these killers the easier it is to see how most were manufactured , a product of their extremely cruel, bizarre , unusual environment. Many of the parents of serial killers were alcoholics and abusive to them and to each other, among them :Albert DeSalvo, Ed Gein, John Wayne Gacy, and Peter Kurten to name a few. There are unfortunately many more who suffered extreme emotional, as well as physical abuse. "Henry Lee Lucas was forced to watch his mother have sex with various men, was beaten mercilessly daily, was made to eat from the floor, and was brought up as a girl until age 7 wearing long hair and a dress." (Egger ,p. 146.) Henry Lee Lucas grew up to be the murderer of 10 women between 1970 and 1983, the only thing that stopped his killing spree was his capture. Gerald Stano was the fifth born to a mother who lost all of her children to adoption due to abuse and neglect. When Gerald was removed from his home he was malnourished, physically and emotionally neglected and functioning at an animalistic level." (Sears,p. 37). Stano confessed to and was convicted the murders of 25 women and was believed to be linked to 40 more. As a child Andrei Chikatilo witnessed the devastation of war firsthand, he saw the gathering of dismembered bodies of both soldiers and civilians, adults and children. "The experience that appears to have had the greatest impact was learning the harrowing tale of his older brother who was said to have been kidnapped and eaten." (Giannangelo, 58). Chikatilo was convicted of the murders of at least 53 children, he systematically hunted, dismembered, cannibalized, stabbed repeatedly and raped his victims. The list of atrocities against and performed by these monsters is unfortunately much longer. There are many questions than there are answers; one thing is certain as long as children are subjected to the sort of abuse and neglect that warps their personalities into something other than a caring, functioning human

11 Crucial Skills To Learn Before You Turn 25

11 Crucial Skills To Learn Before You Turn 25 You’re 24 and freaking out. On the one hand, you’re still so young and most of your adult life is before you, pristine and for the taking. On the other, you’re nearly 25. Avoid the impending quarter life crisis by helping yourself prepare. It is possible to feel like an adult at 24, and set yourself up for great success in your life and career. Lay down this good foundation now- while you still have a chance. Here are 11 skills every 24-year-old should master on the start of a long career path.1. Sell YourselfEven if you aren’t working in sales and never want to! So much of business success boils down to sales of one kind or another. Remember that you will have to present yourself as an asset and hot commodity many times in your career; what is anything but another sales pitch? Once you realize where (and how often) sales come into play, you can work that to your advantage and start to really pull ahead of the pack.2. Expand Your HorizonsYour comfort zone is only going to hold you back- in life and work. Spread your wings a little into your personal danger zone. Eat something you would never think to try. Travel to a place you wouldn’t ordinarily choose for vacation. Get experience in a job or neighborhood that doesn’t match your upbringing. Broaden your horizons. Try new things. Start risky ventures. Take on a challenging project. This is the time for all this learning. You’ll get a better perspective on the world, the people in it, and yourself.3. Get a Party TrickFigure out one thing that you are good at- or would like to be. And don’t just get good at it. Get really good at it. If it’s your job, so much the better. But if it’s a hobby, you never know; that could turn into a back-up plan someday.4. Make Networking MatterIt’s not just a matter of how many contacts you have, but how many of those contacts would be willing to go to bat for you. Don’t just meet people, prove your value to them. That way you’ll have a network of advocates, not just a network of profile links on social media.5. Learn CodingEven if you don’t see yourself as a computer person. Coding has become as common as reading and writing as far as skills go in the new economy. Learn it while you’re young and thank yourself later.6. Fall in LoveThere’s no right time in life for love. In fact, it’s better to experience true love and real relationships early. It will save you lots of heartache and loneliness in the future. Even if you don’t want to settle down young†¦ a bit of real love is worth a go.7. MeditateThere’s a reason for the recent spike in meditation and wellness and mindfulness apps. In our mad age of constantly being wired in to each other and the market, etc., it’s important to learn how to soothe and center yourself. Building a meditation practice young can really make a substantial difference in the rest of your li fe. Plus, some experts suggest that 20 minutes of meditation is almost as good as a full 2 hours of sleep.8. TravelSee the world. Create a passion for getting to know new and foreign places. Experience the world with compassion and excitement. Think how lucky you are, how you can help. What you can see and do.9. Invest your Leisure TimeInstead of that one extra episode of Scandal, try spending the time you have on your own development. Take a seminar, volunteer, learn a dance, read a book, exercise. Spend a good portion of your free time on personal improvement and development. You’ll thank you later.10. Quit WorryingWorrying changes nothing. Concentrate on finding solutions to problems when solutions are possible. And try to let go of the rest. Do your part, and do it well, then try to be Zen about outcomes you cannot control. Take care of yourself. Feed your body and your brain. This is much more productive than clamming up and freaking out.11. Save Your CashSeriously. Star t saving money. That one extra trendy outfit or night out at the club will not be worth it in the long run, when that money could be put to better use. Remember that compound interest can make you a millionaire in twenty years. Put away a small, but consistent amount of money every month. And never touch it. You’re welcome.

The logic of firm and market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The logic of firm and market - Essay Example . Individuals using RFID equipped credit cards are more vulnerable to this kind of thefts as it is very easy pick for unauthorized persons to gather information about the credit cards by just using a reader which just needs to be touched to the purse or wallet. This would generate instant information about the card present inside the wallet of an individual and can be misused in multiple ways without the actual owner even getting a hint of the misuse of the object. The problem has become more compounded in nature as sensitive documents like passports and driving licenses are also being issued bearing an RFID tag which makes them vulnerable to misuse. The video clip shows that in a very short span of time numerous customers can be duped of their sensitive documents without the customer even getting the slightest hint of the events happening around him/her. It has therefore tried to draw the attention of card makers and other such organizations to ensure preventive measures so as to pr event large scale misuse of this technology. Value Proposition is defined as â€Å"the business or marketing statement which summarizes the reasons as to why a customer should purchase the products and services of a firm, the nature of the statement should be such that it would be able to persuade a customer that a particular product or service offering is better than the other alternatives of the product or service available in the market† (Investopedia, â€Å"What Does Value Proposition Mean†).

Letters of credit have been described '' as the lifeblood of Essay

Letters of credit have been described '' as the lifeblood of international commerce'' . ( Kerr L J in R D Harbottle ( Mercant - Essay Example They are Open Account, Bill of Exchange, Documentary Bill and Letter of Credit.1 Open Account is a type of practice whereby contracting parties agree on payment of cash against order. This means the importer has to make advance payment along with his order. The risk for the importer is at a maximum. On the other hand, exporter assumes equal risk if he agrees to ship the goods and receive payment at a later date on or after delivery. Secondly, bill of exchange is an arrangement by which the exporter obtains an undertaking that the importer shall pay the value of goods received after a certain period from the date of supply, delivery or against despatch as the case may be. This is a negotiable instrument just as a cheque or promissory note and it is governed by the Bills of Exchange Act 1882. In case of default by the importer in payment, the exporter acquires legal rights to proceed against the importer. This arrangement is safer than an open account type of payments. The third type o f payment Documentary bill refers to Bill of Exchange accompanied by the bill of lading which is document of title to goods. The Bill of exchange drawn by the exporter along with the bill of lading for the goods shipped is accepted by the importer for payment as per the negotiated terms as to whether it is payable at sight or after a period of say 30 to 90 days. These three types of payment do not guarantee payment or shipment (in case of advance payment by the importer) to the respective party. The last of the above said types is the letter of credit. This form of payment removes difficulties encountered by the parties in the first three types of payment. The letter of credit has therefore been regarded as life blood of business as rightly said by Kerr L.J.2 This type of payment wherein third parties step in to guarantee payment thus lubricating the wheels of commerce is however not without problems that would affect the interests of either party.3 This paper discusses the importan ce of letter of credit as the lifeblood of international commerce in the following pages. Letter of Credit The letter of credit opened by a bank on behalf of an importer guarantees payment to the exporter in a foreign country through his nominated bank. Thus, the importer’s bank after satisfying with the credentials of the importer who may be its long standing client and taking necessary precautions to collect payment from its client, sends an irrevocable letter of credit as per the terms and conditions agreed upon between the importer and the exporter to the exporter’s bank. The exporter’s bank in turn forwards the letter of credit to the exporter and intimates the fact to the importer’s bank. The exporter ensures the compliance of stipulated terms and conditions and ships the goods to the importer. The bill of lading which evidences the shipment of goods and becomes the document of title to goods, is submitted to the exporter’s bank along with ot her documents such as invoice, certificate of insurance, certificate of origin etc and the bank is instructed to collect payment for the goods shipped against delivery of the said documents to the importer’