Cactus Hill (USA) - Possible Preclovis Site in Virginia

Cactus Hill (Smithsonian designation 44SX202) is the name of a buried multi-component archaeological site on the coastal plain of the Nottaway River in Sussex County, Virginia. The site has both Archaic and Clovis occupations, but most importantly and once quite controversially, below the Clovis and separated by what appears to be a variably thick (7–20 centimeters or about 3–8 inches) level of sterile sand, is what excavators argue is a Pre-Clovis occupation. Data from the Site Excavators report that the Pre-Clovis level has a stone tool assemblage with heavy percentages of quartzite blades, and pentangular (five-sided) projectile points. Data on the artifacts has yet to be published in detailed peer-reviewed contexts, but even skeptics agree the assemblage includes small polyhedral cores, blade-like flakes, and basally thinned bifacial points.   Numerous projectile points were recovered from the various levels of Cactus Hill, including Middle Archaic Morrow Mountain Points and two classic fluted Clovis points. Two projectile points from what are thought to be Pre-Clovis levels are named Cactus Hill points. Based on the photographs published in Johnson, Cactus Hill points are small point, made from a blade or flake, and pressure flaked. They have slightly concave bases, and parallel to slightly curved side margins. Radiocarbon dates on wood from the Pre-Clovis level range between 15,070 ±70 and 18,250 ±80 RCYBP, calibrated to approximately  18,200–22,000 years ago. Luminescence dates taken on feldspar and quartzite grains in the various levels of the site agree, with some exceptions, with the radiocarbon assays. The luminescence dates suggest that the site stratigraphy is primarily intact and has been little affected by the movement of artifacts down through the sterile sand. Seeking the Perfect Pre-Clovis Site Cactus Hill is still somewhat controversial, in part no doubt because the site was among the earliest to be considered Preclovis in date. The Pre-Clovis occupation was not stratigraphically sealed and artifacts were assigned to Pre-Clovis levels based on their relative elevation in an environment of sand, where bioturbation by animals and insects can easily move artifacts up and down in a profile (see Bocek 1992 for a discussion). Further, some of the luminescence dates on the Pre-Clovis level ranged as young as 10,600 to 10,200 years ago. No features were identified: and, it must be said that the site is just not a perfect context. However, other, completely credible Pre-Clovis sites have been and continue to be identified, and Cactus Hills shortcomings may today be of less significance. Multiple instances of fairly secure preclovis sites in North and South America, particularly in the Pacific Northwest and along the Pacific coast, have made these issues seem less compelling. Further, the Blueberry Hill site in the Nottoway River valley (see Johnson 2012) also reportedly contains cultural levels stratigraphically below Clovis-period occupations. Cactus Hill and Politics Cactus Hill isnt a perfect example of a Pre-Clovis site. While the west coast presence of Pre-Clovis in North America is accepted, the dates are pretty early for an east-coast site. However, the context for the Clovis and Archaic sites also in the sand sheet would be similarly imperfect, except that Clovis and American Archaic occupations are firmly accepted in the region and so no one questions their reality. The arguments concerning when and how people arrived in the Americas are slowly being revised, but the debate will likely continue for some time to come. Cactus Hills status as a credible evidence of preclovis occupation in Virginia remains one of those questions yet to be fully resolved. Sources Feathers JK, Rhodes EJ, Huot S, and MJM. 2006. Luminescence dating of sand deposits related to late Pleistocene human occupation at the Cactus Hill Site, Virginia, USA. Quaternary Geochronology 1(3):167-187.Goebel T. 2013. Archaeological Records: Global expansion 300,000–8000 years ago, Americas. In: Mock SAEJ, editor. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition). Amsterdam: Elsevier. p 119-134.Goebel T, Waters MR, and O’Rourke DH. 2008. The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas. Science 319:1497-1502.Johnson MF. 2012. Cactus Hill, Rubis-Pearsall and Blueberry Hill: one is an accident; two is a coincidence; three is a pattern – predicting old dirt in the Nottoway river valley of Southeastern Virginia, U.S.A. Exeter: University of Exeter.Wagner DP, and McAvoy JM. 2004. Pedoarchaeology of Cactus Hill, a sandy Paleoindian site in southeastern Virginia, U.S.A. Geoarchaeology 19(4):297-322.Wagner DP. 2017. Cactus Hill, Virginia. In: Gilber t AS, editor. Encyclopedia of Geoarchaeology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p 95-95.

Investigating Patterns Of Mortality Among Women...

Problem Formulation: This study aims to investigate patterns of mortality among women experiencing violence. The researcher’s identified the issue of exposure to violence as â€Å"a serious social problem† which has different effects on men and women. The article elaborated on these differences in which women are more often the victims of intimate partner violence whereas men tend to be subjected to violence by unknown perpetrators. Furthermore, the article emphasized that reporting as victims of violence varies significantly within the population, essentially due to the different meanings of â€Å"victim of violence† in other studies. The researcher’s provided thorough information on the effects of violence against women, these ranging from the harms faced to their autonomy as well as their reliability. In other cases may face troubles in relationships with family and friends, experience economic social strains, and face serious health problems. The imp ortance of this study is openly expressed by the article. The researcher’s draws attention by stating that the number of contacts with the health care services is much greater for women who are victims of domestic violence in comparison to those of physical disorders. The researcher’s also indicated that other factors such as age may contribute to the prevalence of violence and to the exposure to violence. The specific research question(s) asked: Do women victims of severe violence have an increased risk of premature death (a) inShow MoreRelatedCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesthe ED is extremely expensive. Critical interventions are very costly, and so are all the diagnostic tests that must be done. They usually don’t have insurance. High mental heath issues in the homeless population. High risk for infections, trauma, violence. Don’t age very well. Where do they seek health care services? 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Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission Free Essays

This paper entitled â€Å"Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission† intends to compare and contrast nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. It aims to provide the definition of nuclear fusion and immediately describe nuclear fission as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also plans to briefly discuss how it occurs and what is necessitated for the nuclear fusion and nuclear fission to occur. Finally, it aspires to mention the advantages that nuclear fusion and nuclear fission may bring in later. Definition Nuclear fusion is technically defined as â€Å"the occurrence where two atomic nuclei amalgamate† (Wikipedia n.p.). Such joining occurs in all the stars, of course, including the Sun (Wikipedia n.p.). If it does not happen then we will not experience warmth and we will forever be in the dark (Wikipedia n.p.). On the other hand, nuclear fission is technically defined as â€Å"the course of action of breaking up atoms† (Wikipedia n.p.). If such an action is quite difficult to understand, try to imagine countless balls on the floor, cluttered, however, appearing to form a circle, if an individual throws in another ball, surely, the aforementioned circle will become more disorderly and will soar in all directions (Wikipedia n.p.). The circle is actually a representation of the nucleus and the ball thrown by the individual is considered as the â€Å"neutron bullet† (Wikipedia n.p.). Requirement for its Occurrence Furthermore, for a nuclear fusion to take place, exceptionally high energies are considered necessary to combine the nuclei collectively (Wikipedia n.p.). This is very much necessitated to prevail over the coulomb barrier involving two nuclei which are positively charged (Wikipedia n.p.). This will enable extreme closeness that will produce a physically powerful nuclear force that will connect or fasten or join the nuclei (Wikipedia n.p.). In stars, nuclear fusion happens without difficulty because there is the existence of elevated density and high temperature (Wikipedia n.p.). In fact, it has a range or approximately 10-15 meters (Wikipedia n.p.). On the other hand, for a nuclear fission to take place, we will need a neutron to trigger the aforementioned (Wikipedia n.p.). It is very important that a ball or a neutron bullet and not another kind be thrown at the circle or the atomic nucleus (Wikipedia n.p.). This is simply because if otherwise, the ball would not reach the target at all since the nucleus is positively charged just like the ball (Wikipedia n.p.). What will happen then is that they nucleus and the ball will repel each other (Wikipedia n.p.). That’s why, again, only a neutron will not get repelled and so it contributes largely to the possibility of a nuclear fission to take place (Wikipedia n.p.). Advantages Moreover, in terms of advantages, in nuclear fusion, the amount of fusion that can occur is actually unlimited (Wikipedia n.p.). In addition to that, source of fuel is immeasurable and inexhaustible because of the Deuterium that comes from the seas (Wikipedia n.p.). Furthermore, in nuclear fusion, we don’t have to worry too much about reactor accidents that may take place because of the fact that a very small amount of fuel is involved in it (Wikipedia n.p.). Also, it produces inexpensive fuel (Wikipedia n.p.). It also produces electricity safely (Wikipedia n.p.). The reactor materials involved, as well as, the unburned fuel may possibly be recycled as well (Wikipedia n.p.). Yet another very essential advantage is the absence of greenhouse effect (Wikipedia n.p.). Last but not least, in nuclear fusion, the waste products coming from it are much less radioactive, thus easier to manage (Wikipedia n.p.). On the other hand, in nuclear fission, the amount of fission that may occur is limited (Wikipedia n.p.). In addition to that, in nuclear fission, the waste products are much more radioactive, thus more difficult to take care of (Wikipedia n.p.). References Wikipedia. Nuclear Fusion. 21 April 2007. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 April 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion                         How to cite Nuclear Fusion vs. Nuclear Fission, Essay examples

Supermarket Management Industrial Engineering

Question: Discuss about the Supermarket Managementfor Industrial Engineering. Answer: The Supermarket named the OZ supermarket was recently opened (Pinchin et al. 2014). A variety of products are available in the supermarket ranging from the family and stationary products to the items that are non-perishable. In addition to offering the variety of the products the supermarket officials are also looking to implement an unique and innovative billing system for the benefit of the customers. They have realized that it is very irritating and also very time consuming for the customers to wait in the long queues for the billing of the products. In addition to this process becomes very complex and irritating for the supermarket staffs as well. Hence, the implementation of this system would benefit the staffs and as well as satisfy the customers also. Hence this would encourage the customers to visit the supermarket more and increase their sales and enhance their reputation as well. The supermarket authorities have decided to abolish the system of cash payment methods. They opted for the cashless procedures instead. They wanted the new billing system to be automatic. Hence, it would not require any manual procedures. For the implementation, these features into their billing system the supermarket authorities are looking to use the espouse Pay Wave Technology. This system would be changing the concept of the basic billing systems in the markets. The process would allow the users or the buyers to just walk into the supermarket make the purchase and simply walk out of the store without having to worry about standing in the long queues for much longer. The system would implement a number of procedures (Peng et al. 2014). In this purchase is made simply by putting the product into the trolley and simply exiting the supermarket complex. The rest of the processes are performed automatically. The trolleys are equipped with the RDIF or the Radio Frequency Identification System. In this system the tagging and the labeling methods of the products are performed. For labeling the items or the products a chip is used. The chip is installed into the products and they would contain the details about the product in them. The information such as the product id, the product name and the status of the current product is stored in the chip. The products can also be tracked with the help of these chips. Some additional chips are installed into the trolley also. These chips can detect the product once it is placed into the trolley. When an item is placed into the trolley chip in the trolley detects the chip that is installed in the items (Green et al. 2016). After this process the cost of the product is detected and added to the bill of the customer. In this way the chips keeps on adding the costs to the bill of the customer. In addition to this the total bill of the customer is calculated once the person leaves the complete with the products and the totaled bill is deducted from the balance of the customer and the balance on the customer account is updated accordingly. The balance and the account details of the customers are maintained with the PayWave Card. In addition to the chips are also designed very efficiently. If customer feels like returning the product or changes the mind, they can simply place the product back to the place from where they took it and the bill on their card would get reduced. In addition to all these the system also has an efficient monitoring procedure in it. The system would prohibit the customers from the act of stealing products or leaving the supermarket complex without proper payment for the product that they have procured from the market. For implementing this, the chips have an alert system installed in them. This would detect the current balance of the customer and check if the customer has an appropriate balance or not. The alarm goes if the bill of the customer exceeds the current balance in the account of the customer. This kind of situations can also arise unintentionally, when the customer is not aware of the balance in his account and make the purchase without proper knowledge. In this kind of situation the customer can go the customer care desk and refill their account instantly. There is also a provision for temporary cards for those who do not possess a Pay Wave card. In addition to this, the parking policies that are implemented by the supermarket are also very efficient. According to the policy of the company the parking charges are higher during the peak seasons and are lowered during the lean seasons. In addition to this the supermarket also has some compensation policies for the senior citizens and the handicapped. Recommendations Although the existing procedures of the supermarket are very efficient yet some recommendations are provided to improve the overall outlook of the supermarket structures. Implementation of the cash system besides the cashless system: In addition to the adopted method of the cashless billing system, the organization should also have a provision for the cash billing system (Oyewole et al., 2013). This would enable the customers to opt for the system in case of urgency. This would also allow the current staffs of the supermarket to preserve their position in the organization. Staff Satisfaction: If the systems are implemented the organization would have no further use of the present staffs in the financial departments (Edwards et al., 2014). Hence, they should be allocated to some different sectors of the supermarket. This would increase the efficiency of the super,market and also keep the staffs satisfied with the organization. Monitoring: There should be proper monitoring process in place for looking over the components that are used in the system (Mascia et al., 2014). It is to be seen that the components are not stolen or tampered with. In addition to this it is also to be seen that the components are functioning properly or not. This be helping in tracking the product of the supermarket and maintaining the efficiency of the system. The supermarket authorities have a perfect plan in place for the implementation of the cashless system. This system would increase the ease of accessibility with which the customers can buy products in the supermarket. This would increase the amount of satisfaction of the customers. This is very effective for the business as the level of customer satisfaction is very essential for any type of businesses. In addition to the efficiency of the company the reputation of the company is also enhanced with the increased amount of customer satisfactions. Therefore the authorities of the supermarket should make this an important issue for themselves. Hence the authorities of the supermarket wanted to implement the cashless method for the billing system of the supermarket. As a result of the implementation of the system the customer ease of access is increased and they are satisfied with the system in return. In addition to the customer satisfaction the authorities of the supermarket can also implement a feedback system that would help the system to obtain the information about the processes from the customers point of view. With this system the customers would be able to provide the authorities with the issues that they are facing or also the suggestions for the improvement of the system. The authorities can act on the feedbacks and provide efficient solutions for the situations. This would increase the overall efficiency for the organization and also enhance the relationship in between the organization and the customers. For the implementation of these procedures the supermarket can implement the following procedures. Product and Service Rating System. The supermarket can obtain feedbacks from the customers about the products that they sell to the customers or also the products that they offer to the customers and also for the services that they provide to the customers. The organization should try and implement a system in which the customer would be able to provide feedback and ratings for the product and services of the supermarket. The customers would be able to service ratings as soon as they leave the complex of the supermarket. In addition to this there should also be a online system where the customers would be able to provide the ratings of the product that they have purchased. In addition to this the customers should also have a say over the prices of the products. The authorities at the super market should record these ratings and work on improving them. They should keep in mind the average rating of a particular product while performing the audit of the products. In addition to this the rating system would also provide the supermarket indications about the popularity and the demand of the particular products. In addition to this it would also provide the indications about the areas that the supermarket is lacking in. hence this would increase the service and the product efficiency of the supermarket. Online Portal for the Customer Feedback. The supermarket authorities should try and implement an online portal for the customers so that they can provide the proper feedback and the feedbacks or the comments of the customers can be recorded in the portal. In addition to all these the portal should be online and active 24/7 so that the customers can provide their feedback and grievances at any time that they want. This would provide an efficient option for the customers to communicate with the system very easily. In addition to this the customers idea about the organization can also be noted easily by the authorities and would help them in acting immediately in resolving the situation. This would establish a very healthy relation in between the customer and the supermarket. In addition to this the customer satisfaction level would also be enhanced very efficiently. Implementation of Website for the Company and Provision of Customer Services in it. In addition to the rating system and the feedback system the company should also try and implement a website for their market. This would provide a number of options for the customers and also the company officials. The website would provide the customers with the information about the supermarket in details. In addition to this they would also provide information about the products that are offered by the supermarket. In addition to this the information about the operational activities of the supermarket and the list of holidays and the policies that are involved with it can also be obtained by the customers from the website. The website would also provide an efficient platform for the supermarket to provide advertisement of the new products that are going to be launched by the supermarket and also provide the information about the seasonal sales. The website would also help the customer to create an account where they would be able to view the information about themselves and updat e them. The account would be linked with the Pay Wave card of the customers and would update their bills and balances automatically on regular basis. In addition to this the website would also contain a customer service option where the customers would be able to contact the customer care center of the supermarket where they would be able to lodge any kind of complains or clear their doubts from the customer care executives. As a result of all this facilities the overall reputation of the supermarket would be efficiently enhanced. Customer Support System within the Supermarket In addition to the website the organization should also have a section in the website where there would be customer care center. They should be active 24/7 and process any kind of request made by the customer with an immediate effect. This would make the customers satisfied with the services and also increase the reputation of the supermarket. Hence, as a result this would increase the overall efficiency of the system that is implemented by the supermarket. References Battini, D., Persona, A., Sgarbossa, F. (2014). Innovative real-time system to integrate ergonomic evaluations into warehouse design and management. Computers Industrial Engineering, 77, 1-10. Cawley, J., Sweeney, M. J., Sobal, J., Just, D. R., Kaiser, H. M., Schulze, W. D., ... Wansink, B. (2015). The impact of a supermarket nutrition rating system on purchases of nutritious and less nutritious foods. Public health nutrition, 18(01), 8-14. Chang, Y., Chen, Y., Lu, L., Jia, M. (2015). Design of Electric Power Dispatching Management System based on Data Mining. Edwards, N. E., Beck, A. M., Lim, E. (2014). Influence of aquariums on resident behavior and staff satisfaction in dementia units. Western journal of nursing research, 36(10), 1309-1322. Faccio, M., Gamberi, M., Persona, A., Regattieri, A., Sgarbossa, F. (2013). Design and simulation of assembly line feeding systems in the automotive sector using supermarket, kanbans and tow trains: a general framework. Journal of Management Control, 24(2), 187-208. Fu, B., Li, B., Yuan, R. (2016, January). Introduction to the RFID Technology in the Application of the Smart Supermarket. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 40). EDP Sciences. Green Jr, K. W., Zelbst, P. J., Sower, V. E., Bellah, J. C. (2016). Impact of Radio Frequency Identification Technology on Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 1-9. Grunert, K. G., Loebnitz, N., Zhou, Y. (2015, March). Supermarket literacy and use of branding in China: The case of fresh meat. In 143rd Joint EAAE/AAEA Seminar, March 25-27, 2015, Naples, Italy (No. 202703). European Association of Agricultural Economists. Kortemeyer, G., Drschler, S., Pritchard, D. E. (2014). Harvesting latent and usage-based metadata in a course management system to enrich the underlying educational digital library. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 14(1-2), 1-15. Mascia, M. B., Pailler, S., Thieme, M. L., Rowe, A., Bottrill, M. C., Danielsen, F., ... Burgess, N. D. (2014). Commonalities and complementarities among approaches to conservation monitoring and evaluation. Biological Conservation, 169, 258-267. Oyewole, O. S., El-Maude, J. G., Abba, M., Onuh, M. E. (2013). Electronic payment system and economic growth: a review of transition to cashless economy in Nigeria. Int J Sci Eng Technol, 2, 913-918. Pedersen, R., Schwensen, J., Biegel, B., Stoustrup, J., Green, T. (2014). Aggregation and control of supermarket refrigeration systems in a smart grid. IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 47(3), 9942-9949. Peng, M., Peng, Y., Chen, H. (2014). Post-seismic supply chain risk management: A system dynamics disruption analysis approach for inventory and logistics planning. Computers Operations Research, 42, 14-24. Pinchin, J., Brown, M., Blum, J., Shaw, D., Blakey, J. (2014, May). Integrating wifi based positioning with a job management system to study task management behaviour. In Position, Location and Navigation Symposium-PLANS 2014, 2014 IEEE/ION (pp. 193-200). IEEE. Wen, X., Yang, Z., Wang, Z., Zhao, M. (2014). Exploration on Cultivating Students Abilities Based on Python Teaching Practice. In 2nd International Conference on Teaching and Computational Science Press.