Ancient Greeks Essay Example for Free

Ancient Greeks EssayGreek ages were a very unforgiving unearthly while. capital of Greece was the capital of Greece. Ancient Greeks interpreted the bible and other religious teachings very litearned run averagelly. Kings and their followers believed they were obligated to impersonate the gods. Greek theatre lasted a short time. The changes resulting from the Greek era are infinite. In 1677, Jean Racine, created Phedre. The film was a violent tragedy. The main characters were Phedre, Wife of the King Theseus, King of Athens Hippolytes Son of the king Aricia Princess Hippolytus falls in love with. Theseus killed Aricias six bothers.The play contains violence, anger, deceitfulness. The rulers were certain this were the victorian way to honor and obey the Gods. Wars were frequent and whenever one occurred all the serfs controlled by the local lords were forced to take part (Yudkin, P 64). Not everything about this era was negative. Ancient Greece history lasted one century. The e ntire country did non exceed 150, 000 people (Cohen, Theatre Sixth Edition P. 59). Genius inventions and developments were invented. Theatre drew crowds. Sometimes, the earshot stood up in the pit to watch the performances. They had no technology or measuring devices.Pyramids were built. Epidaurus theatres were built. Seats were hundred of feet up. There were no microphones or audio devices. The actors were at the bottom of the stages. The actors were heard by everyone. Working conditions im leavend. Education, although not available to everyone, started to become more widespread. Jean Racines, Phedra The overall content of the play Phedre, was tragedy, remainder and violence. stopping point was anticipated, not feared. The recognition of life were expected to evolve after death. Everything honored Gods. Their death honored the Gods. The characters in Phedra, saw their death as a celebration.Phedra speaks of seeing her missy for the last time. What Still are you in love with de ath? Shall I neer see you, reconciled to life, Forego those cruel acts of despair? Death is part of their life. Then Phaedra responds Would I were seated in the forests shade When may I follow with delighted eye, Thro glorious dust transient in full career, A Chariot. (Racine, Phedra) Phedra could not wait for her final hour. Life expectancies were short. Forty years old were the life expectancy. It was also an honor to the Gods to kill anyone who shamed their kingdom.All good they did was honored years after they died. Likewise, all disgrace associated with the Kingdom were recognized after death. Panope informs Phedra of her husbands death. Fain would I mist from you tidings so sad, But tis my duty, Madam to reveal them. The had of death has seized your peerless husband, And you are the last to hear of this disaster. The queen, deceived by a vain trust in Heavn, begs safe return for Theseeus, while Hipplytus his son Learns of his death from vessels that now in port. Phaedra re sponds Ye Gods (Racine, Phedra) thraldom was common.Most people were serfs and spent their lives in miserable conditions (Yudkin, P 64). Slavery was not glorified. Death was. Enone is convincing Phedra to live. If she lives her son becomes a king. If she dies, he becomes a slave. Madam, Theseus is no more, you must supply his place. He leaves a son, A slave if you should die, still if you live, a king. Phedra replies, To your consent, Yes, I will live, if life can be restored, if my affection for a son has powr to rouse my sinking heart at such a dangerous hour. (Racine, Phedra) Since the king has died, the son becomes the next king.Phedra agreed to live longer. The plays in the Greek era speak as though death is a choice. Every aspect of life was influenced by religion. Music and singing had one purpose. The purpose was to worship the gods. Composers wrote songs with religious meanings and teachings. The Greeks music in theatres began with chanting in church. The chanting by t heatre actors was recited the exact same as it was in church. Monks stayed in a chapel for days on end chanting in musical harmony. Monks chanting was described as several people may be singing one line in unison, but there is no accompaniment and no harmony (Yudkin P 65).Songs or what was considered songs, were created from prayers. Because Christianity was the dominate religion as well as the principle unifying feature of much of Europe, just about of the surviving music from the medieval period was for use in Christian religious services (Yudkin, P 62-69). As with music, dance had religious meanings. Liturgical dancers in white robes performed in churches and for religious ceremonies. Dancing worshiped the gods, send messages to the gods, and got attention from the gods. Dances interpret bible stories. Sometimes, stories are clearer by acting out the interpretations.Young children and older grandparents attention span last longer with music and movements. Dance in the west took a separate course from the east in its development. Records of dance during the low-spirited ages are few, although folk bound and ritual celebrations almost certainly continued (Cohen, Dance Workshop P. 16-23). Belly dancing progressed. In the Greek era, belly dancing were taught to Middle Eastern women to prepare them for child birth. Midwives borned the babies. They had no fancy hospitals, no medication, or injections to ease the task of childbirth.Belly dancing through a cleaning ladys pregnancy made childbirth much easier. Ballet played an important in religious settings. It was popularized during the renascence/William Shakespeare era. In the 17th century, men had to prove they were proficient at ballet before they could hold any positions relevant to legislation. King Louis XIV was a professional dancer. The steps as we know ballet evolved out of the 17th century (Ellison, P 9-11). Ballets were performed for church services, just as liturgical dances were. Athens, or Gree ce, is famous for training and turning out superior Olympic athletes.A child started training for the Olympics at a very unseasoned age. People in the Greek era were Genius that surpasses advanced technology of today. Athens refused to admit defeat. Defeat was not defined as winning or losing one game. Athens may have lost one game. For them the war was not over if they lost. Athens did not allow disabled people into their country. If kings or soldiers were hurt in war, they were not allowed to return to Athens. Grandparents were responsible for putting deformed newborns to death. A disabled newborn was considered a disgrace to the kingdom.Greeks believed they would be punished by the gods if they allowed a deformed newborn to live. Everyone had physical task to do. Women and children had physically active lifestyles. Renaissance era was the beginning of development in all areas. Renaissance theatre focused on humans, not groups. Renaissance was not atheist era. Shakespeare change d what was believed to be religious. In the Greek era, it was anti-Christian to educate a woman. Anyone who educated a woman was killed. Their death was considered a disgrace. The educated woman was killed.Shakespeare introduced the idea of allowing women to perform in theatre. At the time, young boys played all female parts. Phedra was written during the Renaissance or Shakespeare ages. The setting of the play, however were in the Greek ages. Greek theatre established religious beliefs. Renassiance era challenged those beliefs. Greeks were firmly convinced they could not go wrong if honoring the gods. The behavior or actions were not considered. Jean Racines wrote Phedre, in the Renaissance era to examine how much the beliefs and cultures have progresses since the Greek ages.

Shakespeares treatment of evil in Macbeth Essay Example for Free

Shakespe bes treatment of evil in Macbeth EssayIt is clear recompense from the beginning of the play that the witches play a key role in the play. The curtain raising scene shows the witches planning their meeting with Macbeth. Not simply does this scene reserve suspense and capture the audiences attention from the show up of the play, it sets the atmosphere also. They meet on a moor in thunder and lightening, this portrays an evil image. This is how Shakespeare portrays evil at the start of the play. Shakespeare used rhyming couplets for loers and magical characters, as well as at the end of a scene to round it off. The Witches speak this certain way to strain their mysteriousness and sense of confusion. Some of their lines contradict each other and this can be in truth effective and federal agencyful.All Fair is pixilated, and foul is fairHover through the fog and filthy air. (1.1)This is to emphasise the witches hate for unsloped, and love for evil. Also, this would have caused tension among an Elizabethan audience. Witches were believed to be associated with the evil powers of Hell, and that they had diabolical powers and could take demonic power over anybody they chose. The image of them being able to fly would frighten them. In the Royal Shakespeares Companys production, starring Anthony Sher and Harriet Walter, the witches are shown as super mentally unhinged and deranged.They run astir(predicate) Macbeth and Banquo as they communicate them their prophecies. Their evil is portrayed by the camera shots used, and fuzzy effects that a stage performance could non achieve. This gives them a sense of mystery. The subject field production I saw did not have a very effective or powerful opening. The witches seemed disturbed exactly I felt they intercommunicate too quickly, this could have been connected with evil forces, but I feel that if the audience did not know the script very well, it could be confusing. one thousandgh I felt the parts of the witches were not acted very well, they did depict their power over wench Macbeth very well. This was achieved in the unsex me here speech in mold One, Scene Five. The witches were shown behind Lady Macbeth in green light, which both created an eerie atmosphere but showed that perhaps they were the evil behind all of Macbeth and Lady Macbeths plans. peradventure they had some control over what was happening. In the witches foul is fair and fair is foul speech, it was sung in a way that made them sound very mentally disturbed. They also did mysterious movements with their arms. Both of these actions made the scene more powerful and interesting for the audience, and also created a feeling of evil and the unknown.The witches were not only in the play to put emphasis on evil Shakespeare had intended to please King James I, which Macbeth was performed before. The king was very fascinated by witchery at the judgment of conviction, but witches were feared by almost everyone dur ing the reign of Elizabeth I, as England was a Christian country, that believed literally in Heaven and Hell and as they thought that witches were associated with Hell, witches essential have been evil, and if they were anything to do with them, they were to be condemned to eternity in Hell. Hundreds of masses, many women were convicted as witches and tortured and executed.Towards the beginning of the play, King Duncan, his sons, and Lennox meet a captain who was wounded from a battle. Macbeth is well spoken of, and even though the audience have not yet seen Macbeth himself, they are given the impression he is a noble and honourable man. The captain tells of Macbeths victory in having captured the Thane of Cawdor, a traitor to the king. Hearing this, Duncan is overjoyed with Macbeth and gives Macbeth the title of Thane of Cawdor for himself.For brave Macbeth (well he deserves that name)Distaining Fortune, with his brandishd steel,Which Smokd with ocellusy execution,(Like Valours minion) carvd place his passage. Captain (1.2)Macbeth therefore has good qualities at the beginning of the play that makes his abrupt change terrifying. He is simply a human being with human weaknesses, particularly his ambition, which makes him vulnerable when it comes to being tempted be the idea of having power He does not seem evil at all at the beginning of the play, infact he seems very far from it. He is a man who, as Lady Macbeth saysToo full o th milk of humane kindness to catch the nearest way. (1.5)From the opening scene, Macbeth is chosen as a target for temptation by the witches. This advises that perhaps he was not an evil person, but just a victim of his ambition and moral weaknesses. He is tempted when he first meets the three witches when they say that he was to be king. But when Macbeth is told that he had been made Thane of Cawdor, he asksThe Thane of Cawdor works, why do you dress me in borrowed robes? (1.3)This seems to suggest that at the stage, Macbeth wan ts no honour that is not rightfully his? At first, Macbeth does not want to murder Duncan, as his fears were that he would be eternally damned, especially as Duncan was a good king to his country. But eventually, ambition takes over and he does not let his thoughts get in the way.The witches are not the only source for why Macbeth becomes so unhinged and obsessed with the idea of becoming king. Lady Macbeth was very responsible for Macbeths decision to kill Duncan it was she, who mocked Macbeth when he did not want to brand on with their plans to kill him. Lady Macbeth saysWhen you durst do it, then you were a manAnd to be more than what you were, you wouldBe so much more the man. (1.7)Lady Macbeth is an extremely strong and power craving woman. She is tremendously ambitious for herself and who is astute enough to recognise her husbands strengths and weaknesses, and also ruthless enough to make the most of them, this is shown when as she mocks him when he did not want to murder. T he idea of becoming queen is incredibly tempting to her, and she realises that without her, he result never win the Crown. She therefore calls on the powers of darkness for his and her sake. come up you spirits,That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here,And fill me from the crown to the toe, top-fullOf direst cruelty (1.5)Lady Macbeth describes in violent terms what she herself would be prepared to do in this situation, she explains how willing she would be to kill for the Throne, by stating that she would go as far as murdering her own child if necessary.I would, while it was smiling in my face, confound plucked my nipple from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so swornAs you have done to this. (1.7)The idea she expresses here certainly fits perfectly with the fair is foul and foul is fair speech. This shows that appearances may be deceitful. Lady Macbeth seemed like a very feminine, weak lady. This is shown when the murder of Duncan had just been discovered, Macdu ff says to Lady MacbethO gentle Lady,Tis not for you to hear what I can speakThe repetition in a womans ear,Would murther as it fell (2.3)She is also a very cautious criminal she remembers details well such as in Act Two, Scene two, when Macbeth had just murdered Duncan, he forgets to leave the daggers back to the scene of the crime. Macbeth, at this point, is shocked later what he had just done. He is frightened, and very guilty, he is not in the state to return the daggers. So Lady Macbeth does it for him to cover their tracks. Not only does she make for Macbeth to such actions, but she is ambitious enough to finish off any things he had begun. At this stage, Macbeth still has a scruples, he panics after he had sinned. visitation go no moreI am afraid, to think of what I have doneLook ont again, I dare not. (2.2)But as time passes, he realises he will have to carry on killing people to cover up the truth that it was him who murdered Duncan. One of those people was his friend, Banquo, who knew about the witches prophecies. Banquo was suspicious, as he had always thought the witches were misleading Macbeth in some way. If anyone knew who had killed Duncan, it would be Banquo. Macbeth therefore needed to rid of him, and also his son, Fleance, as it was said by the witches that he would also become king.First Witch Lesser than Macbeth, and greater.Second Witch Not so happy, yet much happier.Third Witch molarity shalt get Kings, though thou be none. (1.3)This is the point where Macbeth gets carried away with his ambition. He tries to stop what the witches said would happen. This is proved impossible when Fleance flees from the murders, leaving his father, dying. Macbeth carries on murdering guiltless people including Lady Macduff and her son. Macbeth returns to the witches to hear more of what was going to happen, in Act Four, Scene One. His ambition had already taken over by then. He is obsessed with tutelage the throne. The apparitions one by one tell hi m bad news, but Macbeth is over confident and is now almost certain he would not be defeated.The power of man for none of woman bornShall harm Macbeth.Macbeth shall never vanquishd be, untilGreat Birnam Wood, to high Dunsinane HillShall come against him. Apparitions two and three (4.1)Again, not all things are what they seem. This is again, another example of the half-truths that Shakespeare uses. They play a large role in Macbeth, and are what was used to draw Macbeth into doing evil deeds.Evil is also emphasized by clothing in productions and films. In the production that I saw, and in the RSC production, the actors were wearing mostly black all of the time. Lighting was very effective in the live performance green lighting was used for the witches which gave a supernatural atmosphere. Smoke was also used to create a feeling of mystery in the opening scene.The consequences of evil develops drastically throughout the whole play, starting off with doubts and indecisions, and ending with empty, ruthless cruelty. If Macbeth is viewed as a psychological study of a murderers mind, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both show symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is defined as a psychotic disorder characterised by loss of contact with the env beseechment, by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday livelihood, and by disintegration of personality expressed as disorder of feeling, thought, and conducts.They may also hallucinate, and can not fleck between what is real and what is not. Macbeth imagines Banquos ghost at the dinner. This scene was done very effectively in the live performance. Banquo appeared onstage, and slipped in and out of the stage through the iron gates, which normally, the actors would have to open to walk through. Stepping through the gate broke the boundaries and gave a very supernatural edge to the scene. Some schizophrenics withdraw emotionally, for example, their outlook on life is deadened and they show little or no warmth. This is exactly what happens to Macbeth near the end of the play.I have livd long enough my way of lifeIs falln into the sear, the discolor leaf.I have almost forgot the taste of fears (5.5)Lady Macbeth is so mentally disturbed by what she and her husband have done that she cannot nap peacefully, resulting in her sleep walking. This signifies that she can not get it out of her head, and she is beginning to become crazy because of it. She is even re-acting some of the past out, including the letter writing, which symbolises the letter that her loving husband wrote to her to say her of the news that he was to be king. She feels unclean after touching the daggers and the blood of the king. She has hallucinations that her hands are covered in blood and that she cannot remove the smell of blood from her hands either.Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him.The Thane of Fife, had a wife where is she now? What will these hands neer be clean?Heres t he smell of blood still all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. (5.2)She also knows her husband is getting out of control, and she feels that it is all getting unbearable. This is first shown when Macbeth is planning to kill Banquo. Lady Macbeth tries to discourage him, but failsLady Macbeth You must leave this.Macbeth O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wifeThou knowst, that Banquo and his Fleance lives. (3.2)It is towards her death, when she is seriously psychologically damaged by the events. Shakespeare shows this through the way that she speaks. While throughout most of the play, Lady Macbeth spoke in unrhymed iambic pentameter. At the end when she was sleep talking, she spoke in prose, which showed how disjointed her mind wasWash you hands, put on your nightgown, look not so pale I tell you yet again Banquos buried he cannot come out ons grave. (5.1)In conclusion, I think Macbeth was extremely influenced by the witches. They were the main reason for spr ead of evil. on that point is certainly with little doubt, without the witches, and their prophecies, Macbeth would not have murdered Duncan. Though the witches were the main reason, the others was also his ambition, his weakness to temptation, and the power his wife had over him to tempt him to do what his conscience knew was wrong. Lady Macbeth is incredibly determined, and powerful, and eventually, the two of them lost their passion they had for each other because of their evil deeds and desire for controlYour hand, your tongue, look like th innocent flower,But be the serpent under t. He thats coming,Must be provided for and you shall putThis nights business into my dispatch,Which shall to all out nights, and days to come,Give solely self-governing swat, and masterdom. Lady Macbeth. (1.5)Upon the sightless couriers of the air,Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye,That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spurTo prick the sides of my intent, but onlyVaulting ambition, which o erleaps itself,And falls on th other. Macbeth (1.7)

Is Globalisation All About Technological Development Media Essay

Is Globalisation All About Technological Development Media quizGlobalization displace be defined as the removing of borders and barriers to facilitate easy exchange of ideas, resources and knowledge between countries. Globalization describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and stopping points contrive become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade.People around the globe are more(prenominal) connected to each other straight off than ever before in the history of mankind. In cast of charactersation and money flow more quickly than ever. Goods and services produced in one part of the world are increasingly available in unless parts of the world. International travel is more frequent. International communication is usual. This phenomenon has been titled Globalization.It may be said that globalisation is non a new phenomenon. It has been taking place for hundreds of years. The Romans used monetary systems, road infras tructure and a system of rules and order to maintain control e actuallywhere a widely dispersed empire. It is only the speed and extent of globalization has increased signifi bunstly all(a) over the past 15 years largely as a result of several increases technological organic evolutions, better transport facility, which acquire led to a diminished greatness of distance in trade. Income and technology set out converged glob everyy, particularly as China and India have experienced substantial economic growth resulting in reductions in poverty levels and rising incomes. Production processes have been move globally through off shoring and outsourcing of production. Trade and capital market integration has accelerated.It has helped countries to build a global market where they share new technologies and innovations. It has whence created a global free market for goods and services. Since companies have moved overseas, goods and services are comfortably available and at affordabl e prices. It has been observed that countries are become dependent on each other for various resources. notwithstanding the dependence on cheap and new technologies is increasing all over the world. The integration of all major economies and major populations of the world, levels of dispersion of production processes around the world, development of more sophisticated financial markets and greater trade and investment flows than previously, have lead to an unique pace of global economic integration.Production processes are withal congruous increasing geographically fragmented. Historically, manufacturing plants were located in one place. For example, the earliest car manufacturing plants had all of their production processes located in one place, making it possible to observe basic raw materials being transformed into a car. straight off, firms are breaking agglomerate the production chains into smaller discrete tasks that whoremonger be performed in different locations whic h allows them to achieve a competitive advantage (such(prenominal) as to minimize the costs, and to cause access to skills and knowledge or better access to markets). It is becoming an increasingly common feature in many large companies to locate their research and development in one country and their manufacturing plants in other countries.Usually, U.S., or China are talked about when we look forward for technical assistance. When it comes to production of electronics in particular, we can always quote that the world is dependent on China and Japan. The maximum goods are produced in China because of its cheap labor and advance technology assistance. The only question to be raised is that has globalization led to technological dependence or technological assistance. If we talk about technological assistance then we should not forget the concept of INTERNET. This has helped to define globalization as a path of creating connectivity between flock of different culture across the worl d. Today we can give out easily with stack sitting across the globe. In fact we can easily acquire information and details on various products on internet. Even education can be provided through the net facility, whereby a student can have access to his teacher with the help of internet facility. More over companies like Educomp is providing facility of smart class teaching whereby students can study in monitor the practical aspect of what he was earlier and larn in theory.Apart from technological benefits, globalization has also removed the barrier of place and metre i.e., geographical barrier which has directly benefited the caller at a large. The availability to various international products at every corner of the world is like a gift to society. Its not only about availability merely availability at affordable prices. rather if populate had to purchase some product of some international brand declare Apple, they use to think of USA. notwithstanding now if one wants t o buy the latest product they can just visit nearby store to fulfill their desire.Further facilities like cold memory board has helped people to store various goods over a longer period of time at a cost which is tolerable. Earlier there use to be wastage of excess production of forages and vegetable due to absence of market. About 40% of food produced use to get wasted because of lack of cold retentiveness. These days it is easily possible to store these products and are therefore available in off seasons also which leads to proper and optimal utilization of resources. There are even readymade food products available in the market which makes the life simpler for working people and also helps in saving their time. Moreover with the help proper storage of excess productions goods can be exported and imported easily. For instance, Mango a seasonal fruit usually is grown in large quantity in India. But cold storage facility and easy transportation has made it easy to export them in countries where the engage is gamy but supply is less.If we talk about commodities, high levels of demand in countries such as China are also impacting on the prices of commodities, particularly metals. These metal price rises are highly advantageous to countries that have high reserves of various metals such as Australia and Chile (copper). Countries that have a comparative advantage in commodities such as metals and other energy products can obtain significant benefits from globalization, particularly as other countries economies grow. As production expands in countries where there are congenericly low levels of raw materials and energy supplies relative to exports of manufactured products, such as China, there will be increasing demand for the raw material and energy inputs for the goods produced.It is because of the globalisation that the gap between ethnical behavior and thought is reducing. Earlier every country had their own castes and culture, whereby people generally r eveald in their national language and it was very difficult for a unusual person to understand and communicate with locals. But globalization has helped to remove this disparity also by making a standard language for people to communicate in. Since people all over the world are familiar with English it has become easy to communicate for everyone. In fact in India where there is more than one culture, it has made easy for the people to interact very fluently. Even a change in dressing sense of people is seen as a remarkable change because of globalization. People generally have a common dress code of jeans, trouser, shirt, t-shirt. Whereas earlier every culture had their own dress code. It is just because of globalization that has created a demand for like products across the world. Hence now it is all about commonness between common and like people.The Olympics is another water parting which has contributed to society by giving a common platform for various countries to compete in terms of their sports. It is seen as an event where without any cultural and racial discrimination people show a sense of togetherness. We show a sign of respectfulness for each other, which help us to make earth a better place to live in. To conclude can we say that globalization has lead to liberalization. To be precise it seems more about modernization rather than liberalization. Today almost all the developed and even some developing countries are trying to adapt the western culture and hence becoming modern people by giving up their social norms and responsibilities.Today we have become so technologically oriented that we will feel paralyzed without it. From morning to level we take assistance of technology to live a comfortable life. All the credit goes to globalization which has made it so easy for us, that everything is available at our entry step. It seems really difficult to vision a life without technology. A simple device as mobile has become a necessity for every in dividual. Earlier it was just telephone which was sufficient but those days with simple lives are long gone. In fact now it is used just in autotype machine, for data transfer instead of its primary use of medium of communication. The change of idea and usage of product is so variable and vast that its just not a gift to society but a blessing to mankind.Guy Brainbant says that the process of globalization not only includes opening up of world trade, development of advanced means of communication, internationalization of financial markets, growing importance of MNCs, population migrations and more generally increased mobility of persons, goods, capital, data and ideas but also infections, diseases and pollution.(www.wikipedia.com)Today our society is more driven by the concept of efficiency, latest innovation. We are often attracted towards goods and services which are newly launched. There might not be a very urgent want but it creates a place for itself in the market. We seem to be forgetting the difference between our needs and comfort. Whatever is comfortable is becoming a need for us. What we require today is more of comfortable life than a standard life and in this race we are leaving our culture and ethics far behind. Generations have survived without such comfort, then how difficult should it be for us? What has made us to be so dependent that we have unconnected the importance of all our being? The answer is Globalization, an infection, a disease.proposals put forward by some groups internationally. One of the main causes of projected growth in carbonic acid gas emissions is rising energy consumption. Among high consumers of energy China is one country where use of energy and CO2 levels are expected to rise significantly. China also has a high level of reliance on coal for energy supplies relative to other countries.Globalization has contributed a lot to society but has in return taken away the real value of our lives. Earlier people used to stay u nder one roof and had a feeling of respect towards elders. Even today we have respect but the respect is for money and monetary value. We have started valuing things over life. Is that the reason why its so difficult for people to stay under one roof. It seems we have become human mechanics which is hardly left with any emotions. Had so not been the scenario then there would have not been the need for old age homes.The question lies is what has made our life so fast and furious that we leave behind those dear ones to suffer when they need us the most. Is the thirst of staying ahead or a desire to win a race which never existed few years ago. Once again its globalization that has created such a competitive environment that everyone wants to outperform the other. It has rather become so important to perform that we forget about the people who helps us to form our life. What is the need of old age home if someone still has a son or a daughter who should be taking care of them.It is pr ove fact that some people are leaving theirs morals behind. But thanks to few people that even in todays world humanity exists. It is all about being there for people when they need support of people. A small act of guiding one voluntarily when someone is going maltreat reflects humanity.The very concept of nuclear family is exchange of human thoughts from the Eastern countries to rest of the world. People today in race of being independent are forgetting the importance of togetherness. People like to shift to developed countries to make their career and lifestyles better. What they leave behind is their near and dear ones. At times it becomes difficult for parents to fight for their survival. In most of the modern countries like Singapore the major problem is that people are becoming too career-oriented and technology oriented. Hence they have lack of time for interaction and socializing with the people around them. They not only refuse to socialize with people around them but als o their dear ones. The research has proven that most of the old people in these kinds of countries spend a very lonely and depressed old age hood. They dont have anyone to look after them. At this juncture they look forward to old age homes where they spend their time in some comfort because somewhere they feel the absence of their dear ones. The very concept of Old age home is to give support to elderly people who are in need of great help. One can say it to be a place for the most needed people, where they dont need anything else. Hence, globalization can play a major use in helping such groups of people instead of improving the lifestyles for the people who already have good lifestyles. For instance globalization helps in improving the standard of living of rich people but does not help the poor people at all, who are the majority in the society. Therefore, it can be concluded that globalization has better role to play for the society in the other ways and not only by improving the pattern of life style by introducing new technologies everyday.

Advantages Of Semisynthetic Penicillins Biology Essay

Advantages Of Semisynthetic Penicillins Biology EssayIntroductionAmoxycillin is a semisynthetic -lactam antibiotic derived from a plebeian chemical nucleus of naturally occurring Penicillin G, 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Vital to Amoxycillins biological effects is the -lactam ring contained within this nucleus. Amoxicillin is bacteriolytic and bacteriocidal to susceptible thousand positive and universal gravitational constant ban microbacteria. Today, amoxicillin is the 9th closely prescribed drug in the world.Penicillin discoveryUp until the early 1900s, the only treatment for bacterial infection was antiseptic which was only utilizable for surface wounds. In 1928, Alexander Fleming made a momentous albeit accidental discovery in St Marys Hospital in London. He noticed that a staph plate being grown in culture had been contaminated with mould of the species Penicillium notatum and that this had resulted in the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity of the mould. Fleming later onward isolated the mould and human bodyulated an antibacterial mould broth. In 1938 at Oxford, Howard Florey and his biochemist Ernst Chain extracted penicillin from the mould and established that it was nontoxic and had chemo therapeutical effects. In 1941 an injectable form of penicillin became available for therapeutic useAdvantageous of Semisynthetic PenicillinsPenicillin G (naturally occurring) is poorly stable in gastric acid and broken down rapidly as it passes through the stomach. Therefore, Penicillin G must be given intramuscularly which limits its usefulness. Semisynthetic penicillins such as Amoxycillin with increased viva voce bioavailability were a major advancement in therapeutic antibiotics. Furthermore, while aminopenicillins and natural penicillins have similar efficacy against gram positive bacteria, semisynthetic aminopenicillins (such as Amoxycillin) are more active against certain strains of gram negative rods.Amoxycillin DiscoveryIn Beecham Laborat ories in 1957, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) was isolate from penicillin. Through chemical modification of the -lactam thiazolidine ring side chains semisynthetic penicillins were developed. In 1961, ampicillin was created which was quickly followed in 1964 by the introduction of a -hydroxyl group in Ampicillins side chain creating amoxycillin. Amoxycillin was found to have improved absorption following oral administration and 2-2.5 times greater germ plasm concentrations compared to an equivalent sexually transmitted disease of Ampicillin.In 1967 Beecham laboratories discovered that the susceptibility of Amoxycillin to -lactamase could be overcome with co-administration of clavulanic acid (a -lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces olivaceus).ChemistryAmoxycillin is a white crystalline powder that is somewhat soluble in alcohol and water. Amoxycillins chemical name is (2S,5R,6R)-6-(R)-2amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido-3,3-dimethy-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo3.2.0heptanes -2-carboxylic acid. It has a molecular weight of 419.4. picture 1 chemic Structure of AmoxycillinPharmacodynamicsAmoxycillin functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptides of susceptible gram positive and negative microorganisms actively synthesizing peptidoglycan and undergoing multiplication. The molecular target of Amoxycillin and other -lactam antibiotics are the Penicillin bond Proteins. Upon drug-target interaction transpeptidation is blocked and and then inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a vital cell wall component. Subsequently, the inhibitor of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall, is removed resulting in active autolytic enzymes and bacteriolysis.PharmacokineticsAmoxycillin complies with the two compartment model with elimination occurring from the central compartment. Figure 2 demonstrates Amoxycillins biexponential decline of serum concentration with time. add-in 1 and 2 document the pharmacokinetic parameters of Amoxycillin.Figure 2 Averag e serum concentration versus time after 500mg IV dose of Amoxycillin.Table 1 Pharmacokinetic parameter and absolute bioavailability of a 500mg oral dose of Amoxycillin.Table 2 Pharmacokinetic parameter of a 500mg IV dose of Amoxycillin.AdministrationAmoxycillin is usually administered orally. The relationship between dose and extent of absorption is not linear with a plateau at high-pitcheder oral concentrations. Dose adjustments need to be made in patients with renal dysfunction.Bioavailability medicate bioavailability is the proportion of drug that passes into systemic circulation after oral administration. It is dependent upon absorption across the gastrointestinal tract and first pass clearance by the liver. After oral administration of a dose of 250mg and 500mg of Amoxycillin the average peak serum concentrations (observed between 1-2 hours after administration) were 5.0mg/mL and 6.0 10.8 mg/mL respectively. The variation of plasma concentration with time is demonstrated in F igure 3. The oral bioavailability of Amoxycillin is 77.4% Amoxycillin is stable in gastric acid and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration regardless of absence or presence of regimen products and thus a high proportion of administered dose reaches the systemic circulation..Figure 3 Mean serum levels following oral administration of 125mg and 250mg of Amoxycillin to 11 ordinary volunteers. (95% confidence).Volume of DistributionVolume of distribution is defined as the flashiness of fluid in which the amount of drug in the body would need to be uniformly distributed to produce observed plasma concentrations. Amoxycillin distributes widely and rapidly into most body tissues and fluid. Despite this, Amoxycillin remains extracellular due to lipid insolubility and thus does not cross the blood brain barrier unless the meninges are inflamed. Volume of distribution of Amoxycillin is 20.2L (0.3 L/kg).ClearanceClearance is defined as the volume of blood cleared of drug per unit tim e. It is dependent on renal excretion hepatic elimination. The clearance of Amoxycillin is 221mL/min.Renal ExcretionAmoxycillin is excreted predominantly via the urine in biologically active form or as penicilloic acid. 75% of a 1 gram dose is excreted in the urine within 6 hrs (60% biologically active form, 15% is in the form of penicilloic acid).Biological Half lifeElimination half life is defined by the time taken for the plasma concentration of drug to reach half the steady state concentration. The biological half life is 61.3 minutes with normal renal function. Half life increases with renal dysfunction.Clinical UsesAmoxycillin is a broad spectrum -lactam antibiotic with effectiveness against many pathogenic microorganisms. It is commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as otitis media, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhoea and skin infections.Indications for useLocation of infectionMicroorganismSkin and skin structureE coli, Staphylococcus, nonpenicillinase producing streptococcisRespiratory (Acute and chronic)nonpenicillinase producing E coli, Streptococcus, Strep. Pneumonia, H.influenzae, staphylococcus GU tract (Complicate and uncomplicated, acute and chronic)E.Coli, P.mirabilis and Strep. FaecalisGonorrhoeaN. Gonorrhoea (nonpenicillinase producing)Prophylaxis of endocarditisUsed in people at particular risk (e.g. individuals who have previously had endocarditis or with a prosthetic heart valve)Table 3 Indications for use of AmoxycillinPrecautionsDrug interactionsAmoxycillin is rarely associated with adverse drug interactions however the following reactions have been demonstrated in some cases.DrugInteractionOral anticoagulants (e.g. Warfarin and Acenocoumarol)Results in abnormal prolongation of prothrombin time (or international normalised ratio.)AllopurinolResults in increased rate of rash reactions. It is incomprehensible whether this is due to Amoxycillin reacting with the allopurinol itself or the hyperuricaemia that it is treating.Combined Oral ContraceptivesLike all penicillin, Amoxycillin can affect the commensal gut flora which results in decreased oestrogen absorption. This has been associated with decreased efficacy of combined oral contraceptives.Tetracyclines or other bacteriostatic drugsBacteriostatic drugs have been known to interference with the bactericidal effects of AmoxycillinClavulanic acidAmoxycillin therapeutic effects are inactivated by penicillinase (-lactam) producing organisms. It is possible to co-administer Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid (-lactamase inhibitor) to broaden the spectrum of susceptible bacteria (e.g.. co-amoxiclav).ProbenecidRenal excretion can be delayed by administration of Probenecid as demonstrated by Figure 4. When used in conjunction there is an increased plasma concentration of Amoxycillin reached and longer duration of effect. This is a beneficial interaction.Table 4 Some common drug interactions when co -administered with AmoxycillinFigure 4 Mean serum levels following oral administration of 1 gram of Amoxycillin with and without probenicid.Pregnancy and LactationWhile penicillin can cross the placenta, no teratogenic effects have been uncovered through animal studies. Similarly, Amoxycillin can be excreted in breast milk resulting in potential side effects for the nursing infant including diarrhoea or allergic response. However, Amoxycillin is generally considered safe for use in pregnant women and nursing mothers.Adverse reactionsSide effects are uncommon however potentially include insomnia, diarrhoea, dizziness, confusion, heartburn, easy bruising, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bleeding, rash and allergic reactions.The most common adverse reaction is hypersensitivity reactions in patients with allergies to lactam antibiotics, penicillin or cephalosporins. Anaphylaxis can be fatal and occurs more frequently following parenteral administration.All penicillins have b een associated with seizures when administered in excessive doses or administered intrathecally.ConclusionThe discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming lead to the subsequent generation of the semisynthetic aminopenicillin, Amoxycillin. This -lactam antibiotic has a broad spectrum of therapeutic use, high oral bioavailability and lack of toxic effects.

Islamic Feminism: An overview

Islamic Feminism An overviewIntroductionFeminism is a secular ideology and Islam today rests on fundamentalist foundations. Those who encourage that feminist projects be conducted deep down an Islamic framework provoke clearly despaired of secular options for change without considering how induce elaborated Lilas argument against the possibility of the coexistence of Islam and feminism because it explains the anxiety some(prenominal) Muslim women habitual intellectuals, including Chandra Talpade (2003), Jasmine (2004), and Martin (2003), feel as they watch the Taliban taking away womens rights in Afghanistan, the Algerian Front Islamique de Salut targeting women intellectuals, the fundamentalist Sudanese government oppressing its women. Many ar sure that agree with such a religion is fatal.Some women are joining religious groups despite their gender conservatism. Others are fighting these same groups, fearing the dangerous chemistry of governance and religion. Whether throu gh or against religion they are choosing to become part of the struggle for a better world. The question some pose to women who voluntarily Islamize is Do they accept their communities reactionary norms or do they appropriate and in the process subvert them? If there are some who shtup be considered feminists according to my commentary of the term, how do they adapt their convictions that women have certain rights with the perceived need to subsume them to the community interest? How will the ways in which they situation themselves to assert righteousness for the construction of their own, new religious identity change the face of Islam? How does participation in jihad every last(predicate)ow for feminist activism? These are the questions which are imposed and discussed by Amina Wadud, Badran (1995), Hamid (2006), Saba (2005), Lila (2002) and other writers in their respective books and articles.Feminism according to Holy QuranThe Quran is unequivocally opposed to gender equiv alence, and the Sharia is not compatible with the principles of equality of human beings (Afshar, 1996, p.122). Despite its growing currency throughout the Muslim world, Lila asserts that Islamic feminism has no coherent, self-identified and/or easily identifiable ideology or movement.Those who advocate its utility as a concept and a marker for a specific brand of feminism are not women from within Muslim societies merely rather diasporic feminist academics and researchers of Muslim background living and working in the West (126). These women she later characterizes as exceptionally forgiving, postmodern relativist feminists in the West whose indigenized and foreign form of Western feminism excludes core ideas of legal and social equity, sexual democracy and womens control over their sexuality (146).The attitudes to Islamic feminism span the gamut of leftists exchangeable herself who reject its possibility because they consider divine laws inherently hostile toward feminism, to th ose who posit that feminism within an Islamic framework is the only culturally sound and useful strategy for the regions womens movement (134). The latter group may include secularists overwhelmed by the policy-making and discursive influence of Islamic fundamentalism (134).Here lies the major problem in Lilas argument she confounds Islam and Islamic fundamentalism, as though the two were the same. This affirmation, she dramatically asserts, relies on twisting facts or distorting echtities, ignoring or hiding that which should be clear (135). Her very real fear is that to celebrate Islamic feminism is to highlight only one of the many forms of identity available to Middle Eastern women, obscuring ways that identity is insist or reclaimed, overshadowing forms of struggle outside religious practices and silencing the secular voices which are still raised against the regions stifling Islamification policies (137-38).An Anti-Modern womens rightist PerspectiveA considerably differen t attitude is presented in Anouar Majids The Politics of Feminism in Islam. Majid is wary of the dangers of imposing Western feminist traditions on non-Western cultures and attempts therefore to recuperate a feminist tradition within traditional Islamic culture, though he is not entirely successful in doing so. Majid recognizes that the problems women face in Islamic societies cannot be divorced from European colonialism. For Majid, the political and economic structures that have resulted from independence from European domination have not emancipated the poor (341). He feels that nationalist elites have established Europennyric models of government, namely nation-states (342, n. 17). For Majid, representations of Islamic culture as undemocratic and patriarchal reify the history of Muslim culture and downplay the impact of imperialism on gender relations in Islamic countries (349).Majid finds that a major problem in attempting to develop Islamic feminist perspectives is the difficu lty of overcoming the Western and often Orientalist biases that pervade feminist thought. These biases include a dehistoricised notion of human rights and an implicit acceptance of the bourgeois political apparatus as a reliable mechanism for negotiating the grievances of the exploited (339). Western feminism cannot be readily separated from hostility to Islamic culture, according to Majid. To illustrate the point, he cites the example of upper-class Islamic women who have sometimes embraced Western feminist set and in the process condemned native customs as backward, proclaimed the superiority of the West, and uncompromisingly equated unveiling with liberation (338).Females in IslamEven though women may have high-status professional jobs and make important decisions in the course of the day, and even though Islamic sharia insists that women have the right to keep their income, it appears that preserves continue to control the decisions concerning expenditures. The husband is pivo tal in allowing his wife to work in the interest of the welfare of the family, he is also the final arbiter in defining what constitutes that welfare. In many instances, while accepting that she may work outside the home, he will not allow her to participate in public events. As already noted, Oven the causality of the constitutions of various countries affirming the determination of the sharia that men are in charge of women, there is little chance for change in the foreseeable future.Modernization and urbanization, however, have brought approximately certain changes in family life. One is a preference for nuclear families. This has altered the traditional power of the mother-in-law which has been undermined by the new system. Instead of being a guest in her mother-in-laws home, the bride gets to be in charge of her own household. But, if she also has to go out to work in order to maintain private residence, her workload is doubled. In addition, the change in housing design from the traditional open courtyard with a garden and opening to the sky to the small apartment has confined the woman and restricted her contact with other members of the family as well as with nature. If her husband restricts her going out, she feels imprisoned and lacks contact with friends and intimate relations.Zine identifies what she sees as the roles for women, determined by the tripartite class structure of Arab society the working class, the middle class, and the upper class. In the working class, she says, a sharp distinction is made between maidenlike and masculine characteristics (Zine, 2006, p.19).ConclusionOne of the themes that emerges from contemporary writing about Muslim women is that of woman as victim of the recognise of subjection in developing countries. The oppression is not unique to the Arab context but is a consequence of disempowerment and feelings of impotence. The condition of the woman serves to demonstrate the extremes of disempowerment. She has become the projection of the inadequacy of the society, shackled with the burden of ill luck and weakness. Her inherent worth is devalued in relation to her physique, intellect, gender, productivity, and status. At the same time, her role as mother is symbolically elevated. Islam provides security and equivalence to the females and it has made many laws which secures the importance of females in this male dominant world.ReferencesAbu-Lughod, Lila 2002. Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others. In American Anthropologist, Vol. 104, zero(prenominal) 3, pp. 783-790Afshar, Haleh 1996. Islam and Feminism An Analysis of Political Strategies. In Feminism and Islam Legal and Literary Perspectives, ed. Mai Yamani. NY in the altogether York University Press, p.122-138Badran, Margot 1995. Feminists, Islam and Nation Gender and Feminists, Islam, and Nation Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.Hamid, Shadi 2006. Between Orientalism and Posrmodernism the changing nature of Western Feminist thought towards the middle east, HAWWA 4,176-92.Mahmood, Saba 2005. Politics of Piety The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject (Princeton Princeton University Press).Mahmood, Saba 2006. Performativity, Agency, and the Feminist Subject, in (eds) Ellen Armour and Susan St. Ville, Bodily Citations Religion and Judith Butler (New York, Columbia Uni Press). ISBN 0-231-13407-XMajid, Anouar 1998. The Politics of Feminism in Islam, Signs, Vol. 23, No. 2, p. 321-361Martin F McLelland 2004 Re-placing botch up studies reflections on the queer matters conference, in Inter-Asia Cultural Studies vol 6, number 2 299- 311.Talpade, Chandra 2003. Feminism without Borders Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham London Duke University Press. P.71Zine, Jasmine 2004. Creating a critical faith-centred space for antiracist feminism, in Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. Vol. 20, N o. 2, Pages 167-187Zine, Jasmine 2006. Between Orientalism and Fundamentalism The Politics of Muslim Womens Feminist Engagement, Muslim reality Journal of Human Rights Vol. 3, p.19 earthly concern Health Issue Analysis SmokingPublic Health Issue Analysis SmokingENHANCING HEALTH AND WELLBEING ACROSS POPULATIONSINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this essay is to identify a public health trim link in my field. To facilitate the discussion smoking as a public health issue has been chosen. The holistic impact smoking have on the wellbeing of an individual will be explored. The stage of change model and the Healthy represents (2010) policy will be explored in relation to smoking.The rationale for choosing this upshot is because smoking is an important public health issue. The potentiometer is very toxic to every human tissue it touches on its way into, through and out of the stag partys body (Ewles 2005). Smoking is considered as a health hazard because Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a p oisonous alkaloid, and other harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, acrolein, ammonia and tars.Gorvenment initiatives like the Public Health White Paper, choosing health Making Choices Easier (DH 2004) will be addressed. The nurses role and other professions compound will be highlighted .Confidentiality shall be maintained throughout this essay as prescribed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). The impact of baccy smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005).). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy. likewise it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per da y (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, just about of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Peto et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively every year. In addition, smoking is cognise to also bring increased lay on the line of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other peoples smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009).According to the Oxford Medical Companion (1994) cited in the WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008, tobacco is the onl y legally available consumer product which kills people when it is used entirely as intended. Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death in the World which causes one in ten deaths among adults worldwide and in 2005, tobacco caused about 5.4million deaths, an average of one death every six second certain behaviors have been labeled as risky behaviors associated with negative health outcomes among which smoking is and which has been the subject of UK national health strategies (Naidoo Wills 2005). Smoking causes about one fifth of all deaths in the UK, most of which are premature and has hugely significant impacts on the wider environment and community through causing air pollution, fires, litter and environmental disparage (Ewles 2005).Prevalence of smoking among the low paid groups has been observed to be twice those of the affluent groups because of the great difficulty people in the less affluent groups experience in stopping smoking (Ewles 2005). Tobacco smoking is als o widely recognized as a cause of health inequality in the UK because it is putting green among the deprived groups and also compromises the already poorer health of deprived population such as those that fall within the marginalized groups. Examples are people with mental problems and prisoners, who are more(prenominal) likely to smoke and less likely to have access to mainstream smoking cessation services (Ewles 2005). The Index of multiple deprivation ranks areas from the most deprived to the to the lowest degree deprived and the odds of smoking increases as deprivation in the area increases (The NHS Information centre 2008).Children smoke for all sorts of reasons. Some smoke to show their independence, others because their friends do while some smoke because adults tell them not to and others do smoke to follow the example of role models. There is no single cause. Parents, brothers and sisters who smoke are a powerful influence. Also is the way it is been advertised and the t obacco companies sponsor sport which makes children want to try it (DH 1998). The problems of smoking during pregnancy are closely related to health inequalities between those in need and the most advantaged. Women with partners in manual groups are more likely to smoke during pregnancy than those with partners in non-manual groups 26 per cent of women with partners in manual groups smoke during pregnancy, compared with 12 per cent with partners doing non-manual work (DH 1998).Health onward motion is a complex activity and is difficult to define. Davies and Macdowall (2006) describe health advance as any strategy or intervention that is designed to improve the health of individuals and its population. However perhaps one of the most recognized definitions is that of the World Health Organizations who describes health promotion as a process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (WHO 1986).If we look at this i n relation to the nurses role in smoking cessation and giving advice to a patient, this can be seen as a positive concept in that with the availability of information together with support, the patient is then able to make an informed decision, hence creating empowerment and an element of self control. Bright (1997) supports this notion suggesting that empowerment is created when accurate information and knowledgeable advice is given, thus aiding the development of personal skills and self esteem.A decisive component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behavior by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to process their potential. Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on ginmill at primary and secondary levels.Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. This encourages people to relieve oneself charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Christensen 2006). Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services.In 2010 the white paper Healthy Live Healthy People set out the government long term policy for improving public health and in 2011 a new tobacco control plan was published (Department of Health 2011). The Whitepaper Healthy Life Healthy People set out a range of measures aimed at preventing people from offset to smoke and helping them to stop, such as banning cigarettes advertising on billboards, in size and action on tobacco intensified (DH, 2011).WHO defines health promotion a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health. It implies that the ideology moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Naidoo and Wills (2010), states health promotion is based on theories about what influences peoples health and what are effective interventions or strategies to improve health.

World Trade Organisation Essay -- essays papers

World Trade Organisation The official World Trade Organisation web site, defines the WTO as the further global international organisation dealing with the rules of trade between nations . . . through helping producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers (to) conduct their business1. It was formed in 1995 after growing out of and extending the constitution of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. As of the thirtieth of November 2000, the WTO has 140 member-countries, over three-quarters of which are developing or least-developed countries. As the WTO implies, its current role is to serve as the lubrication for the joints in the engine of globalisation although just how effective and fair this lubrication may be, is still a point of great contention. The WTO preaches that its purpose and effect are to meliorate the welfare of the people of the member countries2, and it claims that this is achieved by administering trade agreements, and monitoring and handli ng trade disputes. This essay will test the truth in this statement, of whether or not the actions taken by the WTO have failed to further enhance the welfare of the people of its member countries, and if so, whether the WTO therefore needs to be either reformed or plain abolished. The criteria by which I will assess this truth, takes into account the three major arguments that are held against the WTO, with regard to its affect on the welfare of the people of its member countries. unity of these arguments is that the international rules the WTO authors, consistently favour multinational corporations at the expense of workers and small farmers. Another argument is that by removing trade barriers as the WTO seeks to achieve, jobs are exported to lower jade cost countries where the standards to which the labourers are subjected, are below what is internationally accepted. The final main argument against the WTOs aims that is raised, is that if countries cannot make their indus tries globally competitive, they will experience a set in their peoples standards of living. Judging the results of these arguments, will allow me to decide whether or not the WTO is in need of reform, abolishment, or if it should continue without alteration. The basic predate of the WTO is to open up trade between nations, and one of its potential disadvantages is that its opera... ...) Slow out of the blocs The Australian February 1 p.28.Mitchell, A. (2001) Let community have its say The Australian Financial Review March 7 p.6.Steketee, M. (2000) Unhappy days are here again The Australian June 17 p.4.The Australian (2000) Fabric of the fair go ripped to shreds June 17 p.4.InternetEbeling, R. (2000) Free Trade Versus ProtectionismON-LINE http//www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3950b6be763d.htmS-11 Online (2001) Frequently Asked Questions FAQON-LINE http//www.s11.org/s14/s11.htmlSirico, R. (2000) Free Trade and Human Rights The Moral Case For EngagementON-LINE http//www.freerepubli c.com/forum/a392420130b93.htmWills, J. (2000) Multinationals and the Poverty marinerON-LINE http//www.unfairtrade.co.uk/pov/articles.shtmlWTO Online(1) (1999) 10 Benefits of the WTO Trading SystemON-LINE http//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b03_e.htm WTO Online(2) (1999) 10 Benefits of the WTO Trading SystemON-LINE http//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact1_e.htmWTO Online(3) (1999) What is the WTO?ON-LINE http//www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm

The Errors in Affirmative Action :: Critical Thinking Essays

Although much of the reasoning behind approving Action is good, it goes wrong in a few major ways. Affirmative action is meant to take aim an cease to discrimination. In trying to do so, though, it elevates the so-called disadvantaged minorities above other groups. In addition, the members of the particular nonage groups are stereotyped according to the group they are in rather than being looked at as an individual. Affirmative action also makes the assumption that minority groups are, in fact, disadvantaged. Another result is that the tables are move and whites are discriminated against. Lastly, and most importantly, Affirmative Action can force people to go against their religious beliefs, and in doing so, it breaks the First Amendment to the Constitution. To begin with, Affirmative Action is meant to bring an end to discrimination. In reality, it creates much discrimination in many different ways. For example, members of minorities are elevated above those in other groups. As the book states, Affirmative Action seeks to correct the effects of past discrimination by favoring the groups who were previously disadvantaged. Favoring one group isnt any way of solving discrimination problems it just creates more dissension between groups. According to Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, discrimination means to mark or perceive the distinguishing or peculiar features of. Affirmative Action directly creates discrimination. state of minority groups are stereotyped, often incorrectly, as being disadvantaged, simply because they are a member of that group. Not only is it stereotyping of minorities, but also of whites. It creates the assumption that whites are better off than minorities. Affirmative Action looks at the members of a group and makes assumptions, stereotyping the members in the group rather than taking each member of the group and examining that person. Members of minority groups often feel inferior because, as members of those groups, they get special privileges. According to the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States, the government cannot make laws respecting an establishment of religion. The government cannot twain support Affirmative Action and uphold the first amendment at the same time. The goals, actions, and restrictions resulting from Affirmative Action can easily be against a persons religious beliefs. Take, for example, beliefs on homosexuality. What happens to a religious organization that is against homosexuality and wants to have only straight members of their religion hired. According to Affirmative Action, they cant discriminate based on sexual taste or religion.